Dot product of two vectors on plane could be defined as product of lengths of those vectors and cosine of angle between them.
In cartesian coordinates dot product of vectors with coordinates $(x_1, y_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2)$ is equal to $x_1x_2 + y_1y_2$.
How to prove it?
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$\begingroup$I suppose you want to prove that two your definitions of dot product are the same. We start with definition of dot product as $(\vec{u}, \vec{v}) = |\vec{u}| |\vec{v}| \cos \theta$. We start with definition of dot product as $(\vec{u}, \vec{v}) = |\vec{u}| |\vec{v}| \cos \theta$ and prove that it also satisfies $(\vec{u}, \vec{v}) = x_1 x_2 + y_1 y_2$.
At first you can prove that dot product is linear: $(\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2} + \alpha \vec{v_3}) = (\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2}) + \alpha (\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_3})$. This is true because $(\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2})$ is equal to the product of $|\vec{v_1}|$ and projection of $\vec{v_2}$ on $\vec{v_1}$. Projection of sum of vectors is equal to sum of projections. Hence dot product is linear.
Let $\vec{e_1}$ and $\vec{e_2}$ be vectors with coordinates $(1, 0)$ and $(0, 1)$.
After that if $\vec{v_1} = x_1 \vec{e_1} + y_1 \vec{e_2}$ and $\vec{v_2} = x_2 \vec{e_2} + y_2 \vec{e_2}$ then by linearity of dot product we have $(\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2}) = x_1 x_2 (\vec{e_1}, \vec{e_1}) + x_1 y_2 (\vec{e_1}, \vec{e_2}) + x_2 y_1 (\vec{e_2}, \vec{e_1}) + x_2 y_2 (\vec{e_2}, \vec{e_2})$. Since $(\vec{e_1}, \vec{e_1}) = (\vec{e_2}, \vec{e_2}) = 1$ and $(\vec{e_1}, \vec{e_2}) = (\vec{e_2}, \vec{e_1}) = 0$ we have $(\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2}) = x_1 x_2 + y_1 y_2$.
$\endgroup$ 10 $\begingroup$The dot product is invariant under rotations, we may therefore rotate our coordinate system so that v is along the x-axis. In this case, $v = (|v|, 0)$. Letting $w = (x,y)$ we have (using the definition of dot product in Cartesian coordinates) $v \cdot w = |v| x$. But what is $x$? Well, if you draw the picture and let $\theta$ be the angle between v and w, then we see that $\cos \theta = x/|w||$ so that $x = |w| \cos \theta$. Thus $v\cdot w = |v||w| \cos \theta$.
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