Python code to remove HTML tags from a string [duplicate]

I have a text like this:

text = """<div>
<h1>Title</h1>
<p>A long text........ </p>
<a href=""> a link </a>
</div>"""

using pure Python, with no external module I want to have this:

>>> print remove_tags(text)
Title A long text..... a link

I know I can do it using lxml.html.fromstring(text).text_content() but I need to achieve the same in pure Python using builtin or std library for 2.6+

How can I do that?

5 Answers

Using a regex

Using a regex, you can clean everything inside <> :

import re
# as per recommendation from @freylis, compile once only
CLEANR = re.compile('<.*?>')
def cleanhtml(raw_html): cleantext = re.sub(CLEANR, '', raw_html) return cleantext

Some HTML texts can also contain entities that are not enclosed in brackets, such as '&nsbm'. If that is the case, then you might want to write the regex as

CLEANR = re.compile('<.*?>|&([a-z0-9]+|#[0-9]{1,6}|#x[0-9a-f]{1,6});')

This link contains more details on this.

Using BeautifulSoup

You could also use BeautifulSoup additional package to find out all the raw text.

You will need to explicitly set a parser when calling BeautifulSoup I recommend "lxml" as mentioned in alternative answers (much more robust than the default one (html.parser) (i.e. available without additional install).

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
cleantext = BeautifulSoup(raw_html, "lxml").text

But it doesn't prevent you from using external libraries, so I recommend the first solution.

EDIT: To use lxml you need to pip install lxml.

Python has several XML modules built in. The simplest one for the case that you already have a string with the full HTML is xml.etree, which works (somewhat) similarly to the lxml example you mention:

def remove_tags(text): return ''.join(xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring(text).itertext())

Note that this isn't perfect, since if you had something like, say, <a title=">"> it would break. However, it's about the closest you'd get in non-library Python without a really complex function:

import re
TAG_RE = re.compile(r'<[^>]+>')
def remove_tags(text): return TAG_RE.sub('', text)

However, as lvc mentions xml.etree is available in the Python Standard Library, so you could probably just adapt it to serve like your existing lxml version:

def remove_tags(text): return ''.join(xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring(text).itertext())

There's a simple way to this in any C-like language. The style is not Pythonic but works with pure Python:

def remove_html_markup(s): tag = False quote = False out = "" for c in s: if c == '<' and not quote: tag = True elif c == '>' and not quote: tag = False elif (c == '"' or c == "'") and tag: quote = not quote elif not tag: out = out + c return out

The idea based in a simple finite-state machine and is detailed explained here:

You can see it working here:

PS - If you're interested in the class(about smart debugging with python) I give you a link: . It's free!

global temp
temp =''
s = ' '
def remove_strings(text): global temp if text == '': return temp start = text.find('<') end = text.find('>') if start == -1 and end == -1 : temp = temp + text return temp
newstring = text[end+1:]
fresh_start = newstring.find('<')
if newstring[:fresh_start] != '': temp += s+newstring[:fresh_start]
remove_strings(newstring[fresh_start:])
return temp